Abstract: As a late-development country, China is at an unprecedented speed into the modern society. Under the dual driving forces of globalization as the external force and national transformation as an internal force, social risks are increasing. Taking Beck's risk society theory as the research object, the paper made comparative study on the causes of the risks, motivation, structure and consequences between China and the west, finding that the motivation of the risk of Chinese society lies in the loosening of the social structure due to institutional change, which further leads to superimposing and overlapping of the tradition, the first and second modernity. Social structure evinces the characteristics of individualization, diversification of identity and class-stratification. Multiple risks are intertwined and different groups fight each other in society. Modernization of national governance is the institutional responses against the risk of social governance. Theory of risk society should focus on the localization and provides theoretical support for risk management.