Abstract: The public goods attribute of environmental pollution and the incentive characteristics of product surplus value creation lead to the passivity and pandering of enterprise environmental behavior. Under the restriction of environmental regulations, the nature of enterprise property rights and the level of corporate governance have become the core elements that affect the enthusiasm of enterprise environmental behavior. Five listed companies in China’s pollution industry in 2016—2019 are selected as the research samples, and explore the mechanism of internal factors on corporate environmental behavior from the perspective of property right nature and corporate governance. The results show that there are obvious differences in the nature of property rights in the environmental behavior of enterprises. Compared with the private enterprises, the state-owned enterprises will take more active corporate environmental behavior. The size of the board of directors, the degree of equity balance and the proportion of independent directors are significantly positively related to the environmental behavior of enterprises. The degree of equity concentration, the general manager and the chairman of the board are negatively related to the environmental behavior of enterprises, and the ownership structure as the basis of corporate governance structure has a great impact on corporate environmental behavior, and the environmental behavior of private enterprises is more significantly affected by corporate governance.