Abstract: The energy transition of household energy is crucial for China’s comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization and the realization of the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. This paper conducts a systematic review of the research on the health effects of household cooking and heating fuel transition, summarizes the existing research conclusions, and looks forward to the future research in the field of household fuel transition. In the field of cooking, quantitative studies are mostly carried out around the health effects of fuel choices and stove upgrades. In the field of heating, most of the research focuses on the impact of clean heating policies on the prevention of air pollution and public health improvement. In addition, there is an interaction between household fuel transition and health, that is, accelerating fuel transition is conducive to improving the health of residents, and improving health awareness can also promote the process of fuel transition. Finally, this paper suggests that the research on the interaction mechanism between household fuel choices and health should be further expanded, to enhance the dynamic assessment of health benefits of fuel transition, and form the full chain impact assessment of fuel transition-pollutant concentration-health impact-economic benefits.