Abstract: Compared with data sharing and data opening, authorized operation of public data is an efficient way to empower the development of new quality productive forces through data configuration development and utilization.The purpose of the public data authorization operation system is to stimulate innovation and promote high-quality development, which is in line with the connotation characteristics of new quality productive forces. China has been actively exploring and practising beneficial systems for the public data authorization operation. However, there are also practical obstacles in the public data authorization operation mechanism, such as unclear data confirmation rights, difficulties in charges and benefits, monopoly risks, and absence of responsibility allocation and relief rules, which hinder the full empowerment of new quality productive forces. In order to overcome practical obstacles and fully unleash institutional advantages, the public data authorization operation mechanism should build and improve a rule system to adapt to the development trend of new quality productive forces. The public data authorization operation mechanism should first adhere to the institutional value orientation of balancing social and economic benefits, and of balancing development and security. And in terms of the improvement of rules, it is necessary to build the allocation and coordination mechanism of public data rights between public subjects, reasonable fee pricing and fair revenue sharing mechanism, public data monopoly risk response mechanism, government guarantee responsibility and effective post-relief mechanism.