Abstract: The integration of digital economy and real economy, with data as its core, promotes productivity to go from natural resources-relied to high-efficiency digital-driven. The integration of digital economy and real economy shapes a large-scale new industrial ecosystem, cultivates an efficient and innovative new quality economic system, builds a soil for the development of new quality productivity, and cultivates new types of quality productivity. Based on provincial panel data from 2012 to 2022 in China, an evaluation index system for the new quality productivity index was constructed from four dimensions: cultivation environment, new workers, new labor objects, and new labor materials. Research has found that the integration of digital economy and real economy in China presents a gradient distribution of “eastern>national>western>central”, with an overall trend of “bell shaped”. The new quality productivity shows a gradient distribution of “eastern>national>central>western”, and the overall trend is steadily increasing; the integration of digital economy and real economy can promote new quality productivity and has multidimensional heterogeneity impacts; the integration of digital economy and real economy can enhance new quality productivity through pathways such as reversing capital misallocation and adjusting industrial structure. The integration of digital economy and real economy provides multiple opportunities for cultivating new quality productivity, and has profound significance for building an innovative country.