对禁令制度之程序倾斜的反思

    Reflections on Procedural Bias of the Injunction Regime

    • 摘要: 作为防止侵权行为、维护市场秩序的重要法律工具,禁令在民事权利救济体系中具有难以替代的重要性。在禁令制度引入中国的过程中,禁令的程序构建存在忽视被申请人程序保障的程序倾斜问题,表现在“情况紧急”条款适用泛化和复议规则模糊等方面。这一问题导致程序失衡与功能异化,诱发申请人策略性投机申请禁令,也使得司法机关对适用禁令持保守态度,削弱其救济效能。禁令制度的本土化构建中,实用主义的立法思路导致延续既有保全制度的路径依赖,禁令审查适用财产保全的程序规定,难以满足禁令审查中更高的程序公平需要;禁令的制度基因,决定其程序安排自始重视对申请人的及时救济,而对效率的强调导致单方审查程序的扩张,使效率价值与公平价值发生局部失衡。针对这一问题,立法应限制程序选择裁量权,强化禁令审查中的对抗性,禁令审查也应向疏明标准优化。

       

      Abstract: As a crucial legal instrument for preventing infringements and preserving market order, injunctions hold irreplaceable significance within the civil rights remedy system. During the introduction of the injunction regime into China, the procedural construction of injunctions exhibits a procedural tilting issue, i.e., neglect of procedural safeguards for respondents, manifested in the excessive broadening application of “emergency circumstances” provisions, and ambiguous reconsideration procedures. This problem has resulted in procedural imbalance and functional alienation, inducing applicants’ speculative injunction applications while making judicial authorities adopt conservative attitudes towards injunction implementation, thereby weakening its remedial effectiveness. Fundamentally, China’s pragmatic legislative orientation maintains path dependence on conventional preservation mechanisms, thereby subjecting injunction review to property preservation procedural rules ill-suited to meet the elevated demands for procedural equity in injunction adjudication. Meanwhile, the institutional gene of injunctions determines that their procedural architecture prioritizes expeditious relief for applicants from inception. However, excessive emphasis on efficiency induces disproportionate expansion of ex parte review, thereby suppressing considerations of fairness. Through these jurisprudential analyses, this study proposes reform measures to rebalance the procedural interests in injunction review, including: constraining discretionary authority in procedural selection, enhancing adversarial arrangements in injunction review processes, and the optimization of evidentiary rules in injunction review should be recalibrated to the prima facie standard.

       

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