Abstract: Peasants' participation wish, participation capacity and the participation degree are the foundations of new rural cooperative medical care system's sustainable operation. In view of the defects of the new rural cooperative medical care system in protecting farmer's rights and interests, this paper proposes that peasants' actual medical demand should be taken as center, then the financing management, compensation and supervision system, peasants' participation mechanism, the government's public service functions, and the medical services should be built, improved and optimized, so that peasants would really integrate into new cooperative medical care system and benefit from it.