Abstract: The paper conducts an empirical research on the reciprocity effects between the human capital structure and economic structure by adopting the method of multi-component statistical analysis and impulse response function analysis. The research finds that the human capital structure has a remarkable effect on the economic structure. Meanwhile, the human capital structure, especially the advanced human capital structure significantly and sustainably influences the level of urbanization, per capita incomes and FDI etc. A further research shows that human capital's contribution to the tertiary industry is limit but it can be developed further in the future. What's more, it shows that the stability of agriculture lies in the sustainable support from human capital. On the basis of the analysis, this paper proposes corresponding policies and suggestions.