Abstract: In the era of "After the well-off age",peasants'quality in science and technology in China has been significantly improved,but there are many problems that need to be resolved,such as unequal level of education,lack of consciousness and knowledge of science and technology,low levels of transformation capacity of science and technology,and management and operation as well. After investigation,we know that main reasons for these problems are China's long-term feudal traditions,economic and social development of binary pattern,science and technology policies with characteristic of value industry suppression agriculture and education policy with characteristic of emphasis on industrial inhibit agriculture,rural residents'psychological characteristics of feudal superstitions focus on material gain,and the lagged construction of national agriculture-related legal system and its knock-on effects as well. Based on this,effective strategies for improving the quality of Chinese peasants'science and technology in the new period,are developing the rural economy in order to increase farmers'income,narrowing the urban-rural gap to enhance rural economic power,advancing the cause of science and education to improve the quality of farmers,leading the change of concepts to establish rural new fashion.