Abstract: Based on China's aerospace manufacturing 2006—2012 Provincial Panel Data, applying structural equation model, this paper studies the environmental influencing factors and the role paths of scientific and technological innovation capability of China's aerospace manufacturing. The results show that China's aerospace manufacturing's economic environment, market environment, personnel and policy environment for its scientific and technological innovations have significant and positive influence in different levels, including market conditions. The economic environment on the impact of scientific and technological innovation capability is strong, and the policy environment and personnel environment on the impact of scientific and technological innovation capability are relatively weak. Therefore, the paper put forward that we need to enhance the technological innovation capability of China's aerospace manufacturing by means of optimizing the market environment, increasing funding, playing the role of government regulation services and strengthening the system of personnel development.